Exploring Blockchain–IoT Convergence for Logistics Traceability: A Systematic Review and Future Outlook

The integration of Blockchain (BC) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative solution for addressing traceability challenges in logistics, offering enhanced transparency, data security, and operational efficiency. This study presents a systematic review of the current state of BC-IoT integration for logistics traceability, focusing on its motivations, deployment strategies, technical implementations, and evaluation approaches. A total of 1,619 records were initially retrieved from IEEE Xplore, MDPI, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, from which 61 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 were selected and analyzed. The selection process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure a rigorous, transparent, and high-quality synthesis. Only studies explicitly addressing the convergence of BC and IoT within logistics traceability contexts were included. Key findings reveal that BC-IoT systems significantly enhance traceability and transparency across logistics networks but face persistent challenges such as scalability, latency, energy efficiency, and security. The review categorizes various deployment architectures including cloud, edge, fog, and hybrid models, and examines their implications for data responsiveness and system reliability. Additionally, it evaluates popular BC platforms (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, Solana) and consensus mechanisms (e.g., RAFT, PBFT, PoS) based on their suitability for logistics applications. Emerging research directions emphasize the need for cross-chain interoperability, domain-specific frameworks, and decentralized traceability models, particularly in sectors such as humanitarian logistics and regulatory compliance. This review consolidates fragmented knowledge and provides actionable insights for developing scalable, secure, and transparent BC-IoT systems to support next-generation logistics operations. © 2013 IEEE.