Open and Closed Photobioreactors for Algal Wastewater Treatment

The release of various wastewaters, laden with harmful toxins and pathogens, poses a significant threat to both the environment and the well-being of humans and animals by polluting aquatic ecosystems. To mitigate this contamination, wastewater treatment becomes imperative. The vast exploration of algal utilization has revealed its potential to address the drawbacks associated with byproduct formation and the high operating costs of traditional wastewater treatment methods. Furthermore, algae, with their ability to thrive on nutrient-rich waste, offer a sustainable solution. Beyond merely reducing impurities, the utilization of algae provides a dual benefit by enhancing environmental impact since carbon dioxide (CO2) will be photosynthesized and converted into oxygen (O2). This chapter delves into comprehensive information on wastewater production, algae, and its benefits, as well as the operational intricacies of algal photobioreactors (PBRs), shedding light on their pivotal role in sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment processes. Moreover, the chapter will expound upon the benefits of utilizing harvested algal biomass cultivated in wastewater for diverse applications across various industries. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Imran Ahmad individual chapters, the contributors.